Saturday, July 28, 2012

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Backwater System in Kerala, India



Kerala, a state in southern India, is well-renowned for its backwater system – a network of interconnected canals, lagoons, rivers, lakes and inlets that run inland from the coast and which is spread over an extensive 900 km. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. Traditionally, the backwaters are used by local people for transport, fishing, and agriculture. Annual snake boat races, held along the backwaters, also provide a great source of entertainment for the locals and tourists alike. The lagoons and lakes is a lasting source of livelihood for the indigenous people and a popular tourist attraction for the state.

The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range. Fed by the rivers, the backwaters are almost free of salty seawater. In certain areas, such as the Vembanad Kayal, artificial barrage has been built to prevent salt water from the sea from entering the deep inside, keeping the fresh water intact.



Many unique species of aquatic life thrive in these water including crabs, frogs and mudskippers, water birds such as terns, kingfishers, darters and cormorants, and animals such as otters and turtles live in and alongside the backwaters. Palm trees, pandanus shrubs, various leafy plants and bushes grow alongside the backwaters, providing a green hue to the surrounding landscape.

Houseboats called kettuvallams are one of the prominent tourist attractions in Kerala. More than 2000 kettuvallams ply the backwaters. The kettuvallams were traditionally used as grain barges, to transport the rice harvested in the fertile fields alongside the backwaters. At some point in time the boats were used as living quarters by the royalty. Converted to accommodate tourists, the houseboats have become floating cottages having a sleeping area, toilets, a dining area and a sit out on the deck. Some ketuvallams are motorised but generally proceed at a slow speed for smooth travel.





























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Paradise & Fairytale Caves



Hidden in the thick tropical forest of Vietnam is a land of phenomenal caves. Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park contains the oldest major karst area in Asia; the karst is believed to have formed 400 million years ago, during the Palaeozoic era, With every cave discovery, that cave is considered the largest and longest in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng, only to learn later that yet another even more massive cave has been found. This national park is home to the largest cave in the world and is said to be the home of the many of the world’s most beautiful caves. It’s famous for its cave and grotto systems, about 300 caves and grottos, of which only 20 have been surveyed by Vietnamese and British scientists. UNESCO named it a World Heritage Site for its geological values. Spectacular stalactites and stalagmites create an underground fairy-tale-like world where formations look like the caves possess jagged teeth or home to strangely alien trees. Visitors to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park most often visit the massive Paradise Cave and huge Phong Nha Cave as seen below. If you don’t expect to ever travel to Vietnam, then here is a virtual trip to see the mysterious and massive world hidden beneath Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park


Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park contains the oldest major karst area in Asia. Protecting those caves is the reason for the park and also why it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This cave is called Thien Duong (Động Thiên Đường) and is over 19 miles (31 km) long. The British cave explorers were so impressed by the beauty of the rock formation inside the cave, they dubbed this place as “Paradise Cave.”


Stalactites, formed by dripping, hang from the ceiling of the limestone cave. The height of underground Paradise reaches 328 to 492 feet (100 – 150 m) wide.


Formations in Vietnam’s Thien Duong Cave. More stalactites and the flowstone which is like a sheet and can be seen on cave floor and walls.


The national park was created to protect one of the world’s two largest karst regions with 300 caves and grottoes.


Traveling inside Phong Nha Cave. This cave, from which the name to the whole system and the park is derived, is famous for its rock formations which have been given names such as the “Lion”, the “Fairy Caves”, the “Royal Court”, and the “Buddha”. This cave is 25,357 feet (7,729 m) long, contains 14 grottos, with a 45,830 foot-long (13,969 m) underground river. The scientists have surveyed 27.65 miles (44.5 km) of grottos in this cave so far; tourists can only penetrate to a distance of 4,921 feet (1500 m). Stalagmites rise from the floor of limestone Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Paradise Cave.


Fluorescent lighting to highlight stalagmite and stalactites for tourists in Vietnam’s Paradise Cave. Imagine coming upon this is complete and utter pitch darkness as the original cavers did.


Explore Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. Have you considered living deep in a cave to survive if something catastrophic happened to the world? It would not be the first time that people have hidden from their enemies and their enemies have hidden from them inside the caves, hidden in the tropical forest of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park.


Some 92% of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is covered by tropical forest. The mist adds more mystery to this national park, the fifth UNESCO recognised site in Vietnam after Ha Long Bay.


The path through the jungle leading up to the Paradise Cave.


Besides the grotto and cave systems, it is said that Phong Nha has the longest underground rivers, the largest caverns and passageways, the widest sand banks, and the most astonishing rock formations in the world. This is one the underground river cave entrances.


Swimming in Phong Nha Cave. According to UNESCO, “The active river caves are divided into the nine caves of the Phong Nha system discharging to the Son River, and the eight caves of the Vom system discharging to the Chay River. The Phong Nha Cave is the most famous in the entire system, with a currently surveyed length of 44.5 km. Its entrance is the last part of an underground river that connects with the Son River and tour boats can penetrate inside to a distance of 1,500 m. Other extensive caves include the Vom cave at 15 km in length and the Hang Khe Rhy cave with a length of 18,902 m.”


An extremely fragile environment, Vietnam Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park caves are thought to have been evolving since 464 million years ago.


Spectacular stalagmites inside Vietnam’s Paradise Cave. There are other kart formations called drapes, columns, straws, chandeliers, broomsticks, totem poles and flowstone.


Right around the time that National Geographic released a feature about the newly discovered Song Doong — World’s Biggest Cave — this cave, Thien Duong aka Paradise Cave opened for tourism. Before that, Thien Duong had previously been thought to be the world’s biggest cave. The karst formation process in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park has resulted in many features like underground rivers, dry caves, terraced caves, suspended caves, dendritic caves and intersecting caves.


Vietnam Paradise Cave formations.


Phong Nha cave, size of man compared to the size of the formation.


Tien Son cave aka Fairy-tale cave has no underground river and is a dry cave. It was named Fairy-tale Cave because its inside landscape is similar to something out of a fairy-tales. Tien Son is 980 m in length. A 10 m deep hole is situated 400 m from the entry mouth, then a 500 m long underground cave, dangerous for tourists and open to professional expeditionists only. Thus we are again looking at Paradise as opposed to Fairy-tale Cave.


Bizarre formations. Notable caves and grottoes in the Phong Nha Cave system include: Dark Grotto which is 17,250 ft (5,258 m) long and with a height of 272 ft (83 m); E Grotto which is 2,414 ft (736 m) long, Cha An Grotto is 2,188 ft (667 m) long; Thung Grotto has an underground river of 10,994 ft (3,351 m), with the height in some part exceeds 436 ft (133 m); En Grotto is 5,396 ft (1,645 m) long, 257 ft (78.6 m) high; Khe Tien Grotto which is 1,706 ft (520 m) long; Khe Ry Grotto and Khe Thi Grotto.


Left: A linga-shaped stalagmite. Right: “Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis, a recently discovered cave-dwelling species, lives only in Phong Nha Ke Bang park (hence the name).”


Inside a cave at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. The Vom Grotto is a 9.3 miles (15.05 km) long, 475 ft (145 m) high grotto with several underground rivers, pools. It has several spectacular stalagmite and stalactites. British Cave Research Association scientists found an abyss in Vom Grotto, the deepest hole in Vietnam, and named it Tang hole. It’s over 836 feet (255m) deep.


The list seems endless within the national park’s Vom Cave systems: Dai Cao Grotto is 5396 ft (1645 m) long, 91 ft (28 m) high; Duot Grotto has a length of 2.4 miles (3.927 km) and height of 147 ft (45 m); Ca Grotto is a 4,921 ft (1,500 m) long, 203 ft (62 m) high; Ho Grotto is 5,301 ft (1,616 m) long and 150 ft (46 m) high; Over Grotto is a 10,643 ft (3,244 m) long and 337 ft (103 m) high with the width from 98-164 ft (30–50 m); Pygmy Grotto is 2,772 ft (845 m) long; Ruc Caroong Grotto is the habitat of Arem ethnic group. They live in the caves, grottos and on hunting, harvesting natural products.


The photographer wrote, “Wow! Paradise Cave.” The park protects the ecosystem of limestone forest of the Annamite Range region in north central coast of Vietnam.


The size of Phong Nha and Paradise caves and the formations hidden inside are truly stunning.


Besides the formations, the spectacular system of underground rivers and passages still have some 10th century Cham altars.


In Phong Nha Cave.


A small gallery and platform, cut into the limestone. This cave was apparently used by VC.


Can you imagine a cave that is five times larger than the Phong Nha? Well there is even if Phong Nha cave was once upon a time believed to be the biggest cave in Vietnam.


Entrance and hanging ladders at this Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park cave.


Boats for cave-hopping tourists.


Tien Son cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang. There are about 500 stairs up to entrance of Paradise cave, and another 100-200 stairs down inside Thien Duong aka Paradise Cave.


Who knows what all is still to be discovered in the jungles at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park?


Overlooking the national park in Central Vietnam.


At the doorstep of the park is seems much less difficult to comprehend how such huge caves can remain hidden in the dense jungle. What might it be like to visit pristine caves that are not setup as tourist attractions?


The world’s largest cave managed to remain hidden for all this time; it is thought that finding this cave is only scratching the surface. Hang Son Doong has a jungle inside and a skyscraper could fit inside it too. And the end is out of sight. “Like a castle on a knoll, a rock formation shines beneath a skylight in Hang Son Doong. A storm had just filled the pool, signaling that exploring season was coming to an end.”




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Spectacular Granite Spires at Torres del Paine



Torres del Paine or Towers of Paine are three massive granite pillars jutting out some 2,800 meters above the Patagonian steppe at South America's finest national park, 1,960 km south of the Chilean capital Santiago. These breathtaking spires are flanked by the summit of Paine Grande (3,050 m) and the sharp tusks of black sedimentary peaks known as Los Cuernos (The Horns). Aside from these spectacular granite spires and mountains of the massif that dominate the landscape, the national park also encompasses ridges, crags, glaciers, waterfalls, rivers, lakes and lagoons.

The centerpiece of the park is, of course, the three gigantic Towers of Paine. One of the earliest description of the area can be found in a book by Lady Florence Dixie published in 1880, where the British writer refered to the three towers as Cleopatra's Needles. She and her party were the first tourists to visit what is now called Torres del Paine National Park.

The Paine massif is actually a part of the eastern spur of the Andes located on the east side of the Grey Glacier, rising dramatically above the Patagonian steppe. The highest summit of the range is Cerro Paine Grande at an elevation of 2,884 m. The South Tower of Paine is about 2,500 m, while the Central Tower of Paine is about 2,460. There are other smaller summits including the Cuerno Principal, about 2,100 m, and Cerro Paine Chico at about 2,650 m.



Much of the geology of the Paine Massif area consists of black, Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, its strata showing complex folds resulting from tectonic deformation during the formation of the Andes. But these dark mountains are also streaked with pale granite, which formed when magma rose from the depths 13 million years ago, becoming trapped and slowly solidifying to form what is known as a laccolith. Glacial ice eroded the overlying rock exposing these gigantic granite monoliths that stand today.

Torres del Paine National Park is not just mountains and rocks. It’s an area of astonishing scenic beauty with snow-capped mountains, glaciers, rivers and lakes. The Grey, Tyndall and Balmaceda Glaciers are remains of once much more extensive system that retreated approximately 10,000 years ago. The evergreen forests of Verano extend to the west as far as the foot of the Andes mountains, which wise up to a treeless alpine zone. There are about 106 species of birds, some of which are endangered, such as Coscoroba Swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) and Darwin-Nandu (Pterocnemia pennata).

The national park is a popular hiking destination in Chile. More than 20,000 national and 40,000 international tourists visit the site annually. There are clearly marked and well maintained paths and many refugios which provide shelter and basic services. Camping is only allowed at specified campsites and wood fires are prohibited throughout the park.

Fire has been a recent threat. In 1985, a Japanese tourist started a fire that burned about 150 km² of the park. Then again in February 2005, a wildfire was ignited at Torres del Paine, when a tourist accidentally knocked his stove onto ground vegetation. The fire which lasted for about ten days, destroyed 155 km² of the park, including about 2 km² of native forest. In late December 2011, yet another fire burned 128 km² of the reserve, destroying about 36 km² of native forest.

























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